Web Development in Rust with Pavex

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There are many web frameworks available for developers to choose from — including more than ten popular web frameworks in the Rust ecosystem. Each Rust framework is opinionated, following the principles and practices of several developers to optimize and ensure they follow great web development methods.

In 2022, Luca Palmieri set out to build the Pavex Rust framework with the aim of achieving great ergonomics, high performance, great usability, and speed on top of the popular Hyper framework. Today, Pavex is in beta and ready to use with these features all coming into play, plus more features like better error messages.

What is Pavex?

Pavex is a new and upcoming Rust framework designed to expand the horizon for Rust web development. It aims to do so by offering a more abstract, ergonomic, and performant development experience.

The Pavex web framework for Rust ensures compile-time safety and better error messaging reducing the learning curve associated with handling compile-time errors and framework overhead. Its architecture is focused on minimizing user-facing content to provide a clean API and developer-friendly approach.

Getting started with Pavex

Since Pavex is Rust-based, you’ll need the Rust toolchain (Rustup and Cargo specifically). Head on to the Rust installation page to install if you don’t have Rust.

You’ll also need to have cargo-px and a cargo subcommand. You can install cargo-px with the directives from its documentation page.

You’d need to have all these tools available in your PATH, so ensure you do that while installing. You can run this command to verify your installation.

rustup --version && \\
cargo --version && \\
cargo px --version

Next, you need to install Rust’s nightly toolchain. You can add it to your toolchain with this command:

rustup toolchain install nightly

After installing nightly, add the rust-docs-json component to the build:

rustup component add --toolchain nightly rust-docs-json

Finally, you need to install and activate the Pavex CLI tool. Execute this command to install Pavex:

# shell
curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -LsSf <https://pavex.dev/releases/download/latest/pavex_cli-installer.sh> | sh
 
# powershell
irm <https://pavex.dev/releases/download/latest/pavex_cli-installer.ps1> | iex

You can execute this command to verify the installation:

pavex --version

Pavex is in beta, so you need to activate Pavex with an activation key:

pavex self activate

You can retrieve an activation from the Pavex Discord server’s #activation channel after you’ve joined the beta on Pavex.dev.

Enter the activation key, and then you can proceed to create a new Pavex project with this command:

pavex new pavex-tutorial && cd pavex-tutorial

Open the new Pavex project in your code environment of choice. You should see a folder structure similar to this:

You can proceed to execute a demo Pavex project with this command:

cargo px run

On executing the command, you should get this as output as the server runs on the default port 8080:

You can send a cURL request to the ping the server like so:

curl -v <http://localhost:8000/api/ping>

Here’s the output you should expect:

You need to understand how a Pavex project works to build with the framework. At the core of every Pavex project is the Blueprint type. You’ll use the Blueprint type to define routes, middleware, error handlers and other functions.

Check the pavex_tutorial/src/blueprint.rs file for the Blueprint of your pavex_tutorial project. Here’s what you should expect to see:

pub fn blueprint() -> Blueprint { 
    let mut bp = Blueprint::new();
    ApiKit::new().register(&mut bp);

    add_telemetry_middleware(&mut bp);
    bp
}

The blueprint function contains all the routes, constructors and error handlers. Pavex requires the blueprint function to run.

Creating your first Pavex route

Routing with Pavex is simple and intuitive compared to many other Rust web frameworks. You’ll register routes, middleware, etc, in the register function after writing the handler functions like this:

//routes/mod.rs

pub mod status;

pub mod hello;

use pavex::blueprint::{router::GET, Blueprint};
use pavex::f;

pub fn register(bp: &mut Blueprint) {
    bp.route(GET, "/api/ping", f!(self::status::ping));
    bp.route(GET, "/api/hello/:name", f!(self::hello::hello));
}

Above, we registered the GET request handler function named hello with the /api/hello/:name route. Then, here’s how you can extract and use path parameters with Pavex:

// routes/hello.rs

use pavex::request::path::PathParams;
use pavex::response::Response;

#[PathParams]
pub struct HelloParameters {
    pub name: String,
}

pub fn hello(params: PathParams<HelloParameters>) -> Response {
    let HelloParameters { name } = params.0;
    Response::ok()
        .set_typed_body(format!("Hello, {name}!"))
}

You can use a struct to model the objects you’re expecting from a request. The HelloParameters struct is the struct for the name parameter from the request. The hello function retrieves the path parameter and writes a string with the path parameter to the client as a response.

Handling request data with Pavex

Handling request data of all sorts with Pavex is also very intuitive. You can use the serde and serde_json crates with Pavex for JSON operations. Pavex also provides a JsonBody function for parsing the body of an incoming request as JSON.

Here’s the full list of imports you’ll need to handle request JSON request data:

use pavex::http::{StatusCode, HeaderValue};
use pavex::request::body::JsonBody;
use pavex::response::Response;
use serde::{Serialize, Deserialize};
use serde_json::to_string;

Next, here’s a User struct for the JSON operation. The #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)] macro adds serialization and deserialization functionality via the serde crate:

#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct User {
    pub id: u32,
    pub name: String,
    pub email: String,
}

Then, here’s how you can deserialize a JSON payload into the User struct:

 pub fn create_user(body: JsonBody<User>) -> Response {
    let user = body.0; // Deserialization happens here
    let saved_user = User { id: 1, ..user };

    // other actions 
}

The create_user function is a request handler that handles POST requests for creating a new user. It accepts JSON-encoded data from the request body and deserializes it to retrieve the data in a struct-like manner. Pavex’s JsonBody<T> extractor deserializes the JSON from the request body.

Here’s how you can register the create_user handler function in the register function.

pub fn register(bp: &mut Blueprint) {
    bp.route(POST, "/api/users", f!(self::json::create_user));
}

The create_user function’s functionality is now accessible via the /api/users route, and you can make requests to it.

Responding to requests

You can respond to client requests using Pavex’s Response object. Here’s how you can implement a GET request handler function:

use pavex::response::Response;

pub fn get_user() -> Response {
    let user = User {
        id: 1,
        name: "Jane Doe".to_string(),
        email: "jane.doe@example.com".to_string(),
    };

    // Serialize the user struct to a JSON string
    match to_string(&user) {
        Ok(json) => json,
        Err(_) => return Response::new(StatusCode::INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR),
    };

    let mut response = Response::new(StatusCode::OK);
    response.headers_mut().insert("Content-Type", HeaderValue::from_static("application/json"));
    response.body();
    response
}

The get_user function creates a User struct instance, serializes the struct to a JSON string and handles associated errors. Then, it sets the response content type to application/json and writes the serialized struct as a response to the client.

Using middlewares with Pavex

Pavex middleware simplify adding pre- and post-processing steps to your handler functions. Here’s an example of how you can use middleware in your Pavex projects:

// src/middleware.rs

use pavex::middleware::Next;
use pavex::response::Response;
use std::future::IntoFuture;

pub async fn logging_middleware<C>(next: Next<C>) -> Response
    where
        C: IntoFuture<Output=Response>,
{
    println!("Before handling the request");
    let response = next.await;
    println!("After handling the request");
    response
}

The logging_middleware function uses the Next objects to help with proceeding with the request flow. The function logs a message before and after execution of the next handler function in the chain.

Here’s an example of how you can register the middleware in the register function:

// routes/mod.rs

pub mod status;
pub mod hello;
pub mod json;
pub mod middleware;

use pavex::blueprint::{router::GET, Blueprint};
use pavex::blueprint::router::POST;
use pavex::f;

pub fn register(bp: &mut Blueprint) {
    bp.wrap(f!(self::middleware::logging_middleware));
    bp.route(GET, "/api/ping", f!(self::status::ping));
    bp.route(GET, "/api/hello/:name", f!(self::hello::hello));
    bp.route(POST, "/api/users", f!(self::json::create_user));
    bp.route(GET, "/api/users/:id", f!(self::json::get_user));
}

The wrap function register a wrapping middleware. The logging_middleware function now wraps the handler functions you’ve specified.

Comparing Pavex to existing Rust frameworks

Although it’s new, we’ve seen that Pavex provides most of the features you’ll need in a Rust web framework, including async/await support, middleware, concurrency, and much more.

Pavex is an exciting framework with better documentation, error handling, and semantics than other popular existing web frameworks for Rust. It’s designed for building small- to enterprise-grade applications without trade-offs.

Here’s how Pavex currently compares to the Actix Web, Rocket, Axum, and warp Rust web frameworks:

Choosing a Rust web framework should be based on your project’s specifications and needs. You can use this comparison table as a guide to choose a framework after evaluating the project’s specifications.

Conclusion

Pavex is still very new (in closed beta), and before the project is open to the public, you can expect that more features will roll out. However, keep in mind that it’s not meant to be an open source framework — Palmieri intends to add a usage price to the project, although the pricing plan is not yet finalized.

In this article, we learned about the Pavex framework and how you can use it for Rust web development. Pavex is an exciting project for many Rust devs especially in terms of the fact that it improves on the functionality of many existing frameworks. It has great development experience — you should try it out when it’s live.